PARTS
OF SPEECH
We
use sentences to speak and sentences are made of words. It requires different
types of words to be put together to build up a sentence. The words we use have
different types of roles to play. They are categorized into eight different
classes on the basis of their varying roles. These classes are called the PARTS
OF SPEECH.
8
PARTS OF SPEECH
1) Noun 5)
Adverb
2) Pronoun 6)
Preposition
3) Verb 7)
Conjunction
4) Adjective 8) Interjection
a. NOUN
Naming
word. It may be the name of anything, including a person, place, thing, action,
quality, etc., as: house, Tobey, actor, director, smile, flower, star.
Kinds
of noun:
–
Common noun
It
includes the names in general. It is taken by anyone of the same type or s pecies, as:
–
The boy is sick.
–
A big city is full of
pollution.
–
My book is on the table.
– Proper noun
The
nouns under this category are the names of particular individuals or things.
They cannot be given in general. ln case of human beings, animals or even
cities etc., they are the Christian names, as:
–
Shane is sick.
–
Kolkata is full of
pollution.
–
‘Discovering Science’ is on the table.
–
Collective noun
A
collective noun is the name given to a group or collection of persons, animals
or things regarded as a whole, as:
–
The class is without a
teacher.
–
There is a big crowd on the
road.
–
Our army is respected by
all.
–
Abstract noun
A
noun of this kind names something that we can only think of. lt denotes
quality, state or action and can only be felt. We cannot touch it and it
doesn't occupy any place either. Examples:
–
Physical exercise gives strength.
–
Persian is a sweet language.
–
Freedom is a great book.
Names
of Subjects, Games, Sciences and Arts are also Abstract Nouns, as: cricket,
language, poetry, hockey, drawing, math, physics, grammar, prose.
–
Material noun
They
are the names of matter of which things are made, as:
–
Iron and steel
are widely used all over the world.
–
My furniture is all of wood.
–
Bread is made of flour.
The Gender of Noun
A
noun or pronoun may represent a male or a female It may represent even both. At
times it stands for lifeless objects. In grammar gender refers to sex of a noun
or a pronoun.
Accordingly
there are Four Genders in English:
–
Masculine Gender: denotes males,
as; boy, man, dog, landlord, father, etc.
–
Feminine Gender: denotes females,
as; girl, woman, bitch, landlady. mother. etc.
–
Common Gender: can be used both
male and female, as; friend. Teacher, principal, speaker, cousin, parent, etc.
–
Neuter Gender: is used only for
lifeless things, as; chain, stool, rubber, book, pencil, pen. etc.
Notes
–
Add ‘s’ or ‘es’ to change a common
noun from singular to plural.
–
Use ‘are/were/have’ with a noun in
the plural.
–
Write the first letter of a Proper
Noun in the capital.
–
Abstract and material nouns don't
have plural forms. We don't say: golds, boyhoods, laughters, woods, infancies,
flours.
–
Noun can further be classified as:
–
Countable Noun: Those that can be
easily counted.
Examples:
boys, books, schools, clothes, cottages, cities.
–
Uncountable Nouns: Those that
cannot be counted.
Examples
sugar, water, air, fire, sand, silver, honesty.
–
Common and Collective Nouns are
countable nouns.
Proper, Material and Abstract Nouns are
uncountable nouns.
b.
PRONOUN
• Definition:
– a word used in place of a noun
• Examples:
– He –
They
– You – We
– She –
It
c.
VERB
• Definition:
–
a word that tells what someone or something does an action word or word of
being
• Examples:
– sit – laugh
– run – jump
d.
ADJECTIVE
• Definition:
– a word used to modify (describe) a noun
• Examples:
– happy –
short
– sad –
tall
– red –
fat
– green – hairy
e.
ADVERB
•
Definition:
–
Can be added to a verb to modify its meaning; can also modify adjectives and
other adverbs. Tells you when, where, how, in what manner or to what extent an
action is performed. Many ends in “ly”, but not always!
•
Examples:
–
cheerfully – briskly
–
wickedly – Delicately
–
fast – never
–
now
f.
PREPOSITION
•
Definition:
–
a word placed BEFORE a noun or pronoun to show its location or direction. May
also show a noun or pronoun’s relationship to some other word in the sentence
•
Examples:
–
to – at
–
with –
for
–
against – across
–
by – in
–
from
g.
CONJUNCTION
•
Definition:
–
a word used to connect other words, phrases, and clauses
•
Examples:
–
and – but
–
or – because
h.
INTERJECTION
•
Definition:
–
a word that expresses strong or sudden emotion. Used as an exclamation (!) by
itself or with a comma following it if used at the beginning of a sentence
capable of standing by itself
•
Examples:
–
Oh dear! – My goodness!
–
Wow! – Ouch!
–
Yes, –
No,
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