Materi Bahasa Inggris (Parts of Speech)

 

PARTS OF SPEECH

We use sentences to speak and sentences are made of words. It requires different types of words to be put together to build up a sentence. The words we use have different types of roles to play. They are categorized into eight different classes on the basis of their varying roles. These classes are called the PARTS OF SPEECH.

8 PARTS OF SPEECH

1) Noun             5) Adverb

2) Pronoun        6) Preposition

3) Verb              7) Conjunction

4) Adjective       8) Interjection

a. NOUN

Naming word. It may be the name of anything, including a person, place, thing, action, quality, etc., as: house, Tobey, actor, director, smile, flower, star.

Kinds of noun:

–      Common noun

It includes the names in general. It is taken by anyone of the same type or s  pecies, as:

–        The boy is sick.

–        A big city is full of pollution.

–        My book is on the table.

 –        Proper noun

The nouns under this category are the names of particular individuals or things. They cannot be given in general. ln case of human beings, animals or even cities etc., they are the Christian names, as:

–        Shane is sick.

–        Kolkata is full of pollution.

–        ‘Discovering Science’ is on the table.

–        Collective noun

A collective noun is the name given to a group or collection of persons, animals or things regarded as a whole, as:

–        The class is without a teacher.

–        There is a big crowd on the road.

–        Our army is respected by all.

–        Abstract noun

A noun of this kind names something that we can only think of. lt denotes quality, state or action and can only be felt. We cannot touch it and it doesn't occupy any place either. Examples:

–        Physical exercise gives strength.

–        Persian is a sweet language.

–        Freedom is a great book.

Names of Subjects, Games, Sciences and Arts are also Abstract Nouns, as: cricket, language, poetry, hockey, drawing, math, physics, grammar, prose.

–        Material noun

They are the names of matter of which things are made, as:

–        Iron and steel are widely used all over the world.

–        My furniture is all of wood.

–        Bread is made of flour.

The Gender of Noun

A noun or pronoun may represent a male or a female It may represent even both. At times it stands for lifeless objects. In grammar gender refers to sex of a noun or a pronoun.

Accordingly there are Four Genders in English:

–        Masculine Gender: denotes males, as; boy, man, dog, landlord, father, etc.

–        Feminine Gender: denotes females, as; girl, woman, bitch, landlady. mother. etc.

–        Common Gender: can be used both male and female, as; friend. Teacher, principal, speaker, cousin, parent, etc.

–        Neuter Gender: is used only for lifeless things, as; chain, stool, rubber, book, pencil, pen. etc.

Notes

–        Add ‘s’ or ‘es’ to change a common noun from singular to plural.

–        Use ‘are/were/have’ with a noun in the plural.

–        Write the first letter of a Proper Noun in the capital.

–        Abstract and material nouns don't have plural forms. We don't say: golds, boyhoods, laughters, woods, infancies, flours.

–        Noun can further be classified as:

–        Countable Noun: Those that can be easily counted.

Examples: boys, books, schools, clothes, cottages, cities.

–        Uncountable Nouns: Those that cannot be counted.

Examples sugar, water, air, fire, sand, silver, honesty.

–        Common and Collective Nouns are countable nouns.

Proper, Material and Abstract Nouns are uncountable nouns.

b. PRONOUN

• Definition:

– a word used in place of a noun

• Examples:

– He                          – They

– You                        – We

– She                         – It

c.    VERB

• Definition:

– a word that tells what someone or something does an action word or word of being

• Examples:

– sit                           – laugh

– run                          – jump

d.   ADJECTIVE

• Definition:

– a word used to modify (describe) a noun

• Examples:

– happy                                 – short

– sad                                     – tall

– red                                      – fat

– green                                  – hairy

e.    ADVERB

• Definition:

– Can be added to a verb to modify its meaning; can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Tells you when, where, how, in what manner or to what extent an action is performed. Many ends in “ly”, but not always!

• Examples:

– cheerfully               – briskly

– wickedly                – Delicately

– fast                         – never

– now

f.     PREPOSITION

• Definition:

– a word placed BEFORE a noun or pronoun to show its location or direction. May also show a noun or pronoun’s relationship to some other word in the sentence

• Examples:

– to                            – at

– with                       – for

– against                    – across

– by                           – in

– from

g.    CONJUNCTION

• Definition:

– a word used to connect other words, phrases, and clauses

• Examples:

– and                         – but

– or                            – because

h.   INTERJECTION

• Definition:

– a word that expresses strong or sudden emotion. Used as an exclamation (!) by itself or with a comma following it if used at the beginning of a sentence capable of standing by itself

• Examples:

– Oh dear!                             – My goodness!

– Wow!                                 – Ouch!

– Yes,                                    – No,

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